Catholic Diocese of Cleveland

Catholic Q. & A.

What Is "Gregorian Chant?"

Also called Plainsong or Plainchant, it is a plain, monodic, and purely vocal chant used in musical worship. In its modern form, it is printed in square notes on a four-line staff and its scales, known as modes, run from D, E, F, and G. It has no definite rhythm. Probably derived from chants sung in ancient Jerusalem or Antioch, it is recognized as the oldest chant still in use.

Some chants were compiled and arranged in the sixth century, and this is believed to be the work of Pope Gregory I (ca. 540-604), after whom the chant is named. Many, however, were composed in latter centuries. Much credit for the revised present form is due to the Benedictine monks of Solesmes (in northwest France), who, in the latter half of the nineteenth century, began restoring the authentic texts. Since the introduction of the vernacular -- effected by Vatican II -- the use of the Gregorian chant has declined greatly. The majority of Gregorian chant music is gathered in two sources: the Graduale for the Mass, and the Antiphonale for the choir Offices. It has also been gathered in the Liber Usualis .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By The "Roman Rite?"

The Roman Rite is the style of celebration of the Eucharist and other liturgies that developed in ancient Rome. This style of liturgy, later influenced by both Spanish and Gallican liturgical traditions, became the most common form of liturgical worship for the Western Church by the twelfth century. In 1570 Pope St. Pius V promulgated the Roman Missal which made the Roman Rite the official liturgy of the Western Church, although a few local rites were allowed to continue. The Roman Rite (also known as the "Latin Rite") is marked by its simplicity and brevity, unlike liturgies of the Eastern Churches, which are much more elaborate and expansive and stress the repetition of words and gestures. Another distinguishing feature of the Roman Rite is the use of unleavened bread at Mass. Vatican Council II (1962-1965) changed much of the Roman Rite by simplifying many of the rubrics and eliminating numerous medieval accretions. Two of the most obvious changes was that Latin gave way to the vernacular of each local Church, and Communion under both species became more common whereas previously it was rare to nonexistent.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are The "Stations Of The Cross?"

A series of fourteen pictures or carvings portraying incidents in Christ's journey from his condemnation by Pilate to his being laid in the tomb. They are arranged around the inside walls of churches and chapels, but are also to be found in other settings such as along wooded paths near shrines. In the devotion of the Stations, an individual or group passes from station to station reciting prayers and meditating on each incident, or at least on the passion of Christ in general. It is thought that the Stations originated as a way that those unable to travel might follow the pilgrimage route in Jerusalem, the "Via Dolorosa," and the plenary indulgence attached to the pilgrimage is also given to those who prayerfully make the journey of the fourteen stations. Many texts have been written for use during the Stations, but that of St. Alphonsus Ligouri probably remains the most popular. A further custom is the singing of a stanza of the medieval hymn Stabat Mater ("By the Cross her Station Keeping") between each station.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Holy Oils?"

Used in Old Testament times to anoint priests, prophets, and kings, and in the apostolic age to anoint the (Mark 6:13), holy oils have been consistently used by the Church in the administration of sacraments. The three oils presently used -- holy chrism, the oil of catechumens, and the oil of the sick -- have traditionally been made from either pure olive oil or, in the case of holy chrism, olive oil mixed with balsam; they may now be drawn from any plant. They symbolize spiritual nourishment and divine countenance, and are now used in the public administration of baptism, holy orders, and the anointing of the sick.

Holy oils are normally blessed on Holy Thursday by the bishop at his cathedral, after which they are distributed to the local parishes. When not in use, the oils are kept in vessels in an ambry.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Stole?"

A liturgical vestment made of a long strip of cloth, several inches wide, which is worn by deacons, priests and bishops; a deacon wears it over his left shoulder (like a sash) and underneath his dalmatic, while a priest or bishop wears it around his neck (allowing it to hang straight down in the front) and under his chasuble. It is worn at Mass, while administering the other sacraments, and when preaching. Its color corresponds with the liturgical color of the day or season.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By The "Sign Of The Cross?"

A ritual gesture in the form of a cross by which a person confesses faith in the paschal mystery and the Holy Trinity. In the Roman Rite, a person touches the fingers of the right hand to the forehead, below the breast, the left shoulder and the right shoulder, while saying, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." The sign is used in certain sacramental rites, such as baptism and the Eucharist, and to bless people and objects. It is also commonly used to begin or end prayers of personal devotion, such as the rosary or grace at meals. Historically, the practice can be traced back as early as the third century, when Tertullian (ca. A.D. 230) reported its use as a personal gesture of piety to sanctify the actions of daily life.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Incense?"

(Lat. incensum, "something burned") Aromatic gum or resin, in granulated or powdered form, which gives off a fragrant smoke when it is burned. This smoke symbolizes prayer rising to God (Ps 141:2; Rev 8:3-5) and, in a liturgical context, the sacredness of a person or object. Its use long restricted to High Mass, incense may now be burnt at any Mass, particularly during the entrance procession, the Gospel procession, at the Preparation of the Gifts and the elevations following the consecration, and during the recessional. It is also used in the Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, and may be burnt as part of the Rite for Dedication of a Church and during the rite of commendation and farewell at the close of a funeral Mass.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Abbey?"

Refers to the dwelling place and community of men or women religious who are governed by an abbot or abbess they elect. An abbey may be completely independent or may maintain an association with other abbeys of the same order. The physical layout of most abbeys includes the abbey church, refectory, cloister or "dormitory," chapter hall and work area. Depending on its size and its apostolic or contemplative nature, the abbey may also house an infirmary, workshops, schools, guesthouse or retreat center. "Abbey" and "monastery" are generally used interchangeably.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Canticle?"

(Lat. canticulum, "a little song") a sacred song or chant, other than a psalm, the text of which is taken from Scripture. Three canticles from the New Testament - the Benedictus of Zechariah, Magnificat of the Blessed Virgin, and the Nunc Dimittis of Simeon - are recited daily in the Liturgy of the Hours. The Catholic breviary also includes numerous canticles from the Old Testament.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Monk?"

A man who by taking vows binds and commits himself totally to the monastic life. In the Eastern Churches all male religious are monks; in the Western Church, only members of the following orders are monks: Benedictine, Camaldolese, Vallambrosan, Sylvestrine, Olivetan, Cistercian, and Carthusian.

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Religious Institute?"

A religious institute is a society in the Church of men or women who profess public vows (perpetual or temporary) of poverty, chastity, and obedience and who share a common life and worship of the Lord. The canonical term, "Religious Institute," was used in the documents of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) to describe any religious, society, or congregation taking public vows. Members of religious institutes differ from members of societies of apostolic life in that the latter do not take public vows.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Thurible?"

(Gk. thuos, "burned offering") The metal vessel used for the ceremonial burning of incense at liturgical services. It is suspended on a chain, (or chains) which allows it to be swung during incensations at Mass, at the Liturgy of the Hours, or at Benediction.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Mass Of The Catechumens?"

The initial part of the Mass, from the entrance antiphon to the offertory, so named because in the early Church it was the section of the Eucharistic celebration in which catechumens (adults preparing for baptism) could participate, a practice being reestablished in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults. It is now known as the Liturgy of the Word, while the second part of the Mass is referred to as the Liturgy of the Eucharist.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Theocracy?"

Theocracy means government by God and refers to an institutionalized form of government based on the revealed teachings of God as implemented through God's representatives. The best-known historical example for contemporary Westerners would be Israel, governed in earlier times by prophets and in later times by the high priest and Sanhedrin -- although restricted by kings and the Romans. These representatives of God claimed to build the nation on the Law of God. In recent times, the Ayatolla Khomeni established a theocracy in Iran, as Muhammed, the founder of Islam had done in Medina.

Leonard Doohan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By "Hypostatic Union?"

Hypostasis means individual or person, and the hypostatic union is the union of two distinct natures of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ, who is true God and true man, consubstantial with the Father according to his godhead and consubstantial with us according to his humanity. The doctrine, elaborated and clarified by Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444), was formalized in the Definition of Chalcedon (451) and accepted by the Church.

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Rector?"

In the Roman Catholic Church, a rector is a priest who has care of a church that is neither a parish church nor a church affiliated with a religious community. The term also applies to the priest in charge of a seminary and to the local superior of certain congregations such as the Jesuits.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By The Expression "Slain In The Spirit?"

The relatively modern expression for a phenomenon of Pentecostal and charismatic prayer services where believers, singly or in groups, fall backward into the arms of an usher in an apparent "faint," which may last from a few seconds to hours. Subjects report deep spiritual effects and a general euphoria. In Catholic circles, it is more general known as "resting in the Spirit." Sociologists of religion prefer to name it as "possession trance"; scholars within the charismatic tradition acknowledge that it may have a double source: the action of God and autosuggestion or response to peer pressure. Defenders of the authenticity of the experience point to scriptural warrants (e.g., Matt 17:1-6; 28:1-4), the ecstasies recorded in the passions of early martyrs, and entries in Wesley's Journals, but evidence for the Spirit's presence in the phenomenon is inconclusive.

Mary Barbara Agnew, C.PP.S.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Curate?"

A curate is an associate pastor or parochial vicar of a parish. The term is commonly used in English-speaking countries, especially Canada and England. Originally, the term referred to clergymen who had charge ("cure") of a parish. The curate was chosen by the "patron" and was admitted to the cure of souls by the bishop of the diocese.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Antipopes?"

An antipope is one who claimed to be the Bishop of Rome without having been chosen in the manner recognized at the time to be valid. Of the thirty-seven usually listed, most were rivals to another claimant now recognized as "authentic." The phenomenon stretches from the third century (St. Hippolytus) to the fifteenth (Felix V), with the twelfth century having no less than twelve. Five were produced by the Great Schism (first half of the fifteenth century).

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Third Orders?"

Members of third orders (tertiaries) are divided into two classes, secular and regular. Secular third orders contain members of the lay branch of a religious order. While living a normal secular life, they strive to participate in the spiritual and apostolic work of their particular order. These third orders originated in the thirteenth century, and their members follow a specific rule and spiritual regimen. They usually wear a scapular under their clothing and wear the habit of their order on special occasions. A person may not belong to more than one third order at the same time. There are Augustinian, Carmelite, Dominican, Franciscan, Premonstratensian, Servite, and Trinitarian third orders. Regular members of a third order take simple vows and live a religious life, following a particular rule. They engage in a great variety of Apostolic work: teaching, nursing, etc. At present, the most active are the Dominican, Franciscan, and Carmelite.

Joseph Quinn.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Banns?"

Banns are public announcements, usually of the intended marriage of two Catholics, but also of someone's candidacy to receive a Sacred Order, with the purpose of uncovering any impediment to the marriage or the ordination.

William C. McFadden, S.J.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Patron Saints?"

It has long been customary to give a person a saint's name at baptism so that the baptized person will invoke the help of the patron saint to intercede with God. Churches, dioceses, countries, and other civic and ecclesiastical bodies are also put under the patronage of saints. The United States of America has Mary under her title of Immaculate Conception as its patron.

The practice of selecting patrons dates back to the earliest centuries of Christianity. In the catacombs the burial places of Christians indicate they had chosen the names of the apostles and early martyrs. Angels too were chosen as patrons. The practice developed of choosing a patron or protector for almost every circumstance of life. There is a list of patron saints published to cover almost every group, life situation, and illness.

James McGrath
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Defender of the Bond?"

An ecclesiastical office instituted by Benedict XIV in 1741 to defend the bond of marriage when nullity or dissolution was sought by one or both spouses. The Defender, appointed by the local bishop, also participated in cases where nullity of sacred orders was considered. In 1944 Pius XII, in an address to the Roman Rota, expressed concern that at times Defenders were overzealous and unfair in the exercise of their duties.

Under the New Code of Canon Law any person, clerical or lay, with qualifications in canon law, may be appointed Defender of the Bond who, today, works almost exclusively in the marriage tribunal where petitions for annulments have greatly increased.

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "General Confession?"

"Confession" refers both to the sacrament itself and to the act of admitting personal sin to the confessor, which is one of the necessary elements in the matter of the sacrament. "General confession" and absolution, by which a group of individuals express contrition for their sins and receive sacramental pardon, is permitted only under restricted conditions. For a general absolution to be valid, the penitents must have contrition for their sins and intend to confess serious sins individually.

" General Confession" may also refer to the repetition of some or all of the previous confessions of one's life. Such confession is obligatory when it is known for certain that previous confessions were invalid. Sometimes people make general confession when they enter a new state in life, such as marriage, the pronouncement of religious vows, or holy orders.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Monsignor?"

(Ital. monsignore, "my lord" -- distinct from feudal usage) An ecclesiastical title of honor bestowed on priests and prelates by the pope. All bishops and archbishops are entitled to it, but it is used more commonly to distinguish certain priests whose faithful and abiding service to the Church has gained them approbation from the Holy See. Monsignori may wear distinctive vestments similar to those of bishops.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Crypt?"

(Lat. crypta, "vault" or "hidden cave") A vault or hidden recess, located underneath the main floor of a church, which serves as a burial place and, occasionally, as a chapel for devotional services. Christians of the early Church used crypts for worship, meetings, and the entombment of martyrs.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Christening?"

The aspect of the baptismal ceremony in which the one baptized takes a Christian name. The tradition of adopting a Christian name in place of, or--as is now common--in addition to, one's own has been practiced by the faithful since the early centuries of the Church, when a newly baptized member of the Christian community would change his or her name to that of an apostle or an Old Testament figure. In later centuries, it became common for parents to give their children the names of saints, martyrs, or Christian virtues. Although canon law required, for most of this century, that the name given a person at baptism be a Christian name (usually that of a saint), the present code stipulates only that the name conferred not be "foreign to a Christian mentality."

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Octave?"

(fr. Lat. octavus, "eighth") The liturgical practice of commemorating a Church feast over a period of eight days, beginning with the feast day itself. The eighth and final day is known as the octave day. The Church celebrated numerous octaves before the Second Vatican Council; currently, only those of Christmas and Easter are observed. During an octave, the feast being observed. During an octave, the feast being observed takes precedence over any other feast which may occur.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Pallium?"

A circular band of white woolen material, two inches wide, with two hanging strips, marked with six purple crosses. By ancient custom, it is worn by the pope as a symbol of the plenitude of his episcopal power which he shares with archbishops, each of whom receives a pallium. (On very rare occasions the pope bestows a pallium on a bishop as a special honor.) The pallium is made from the wool of lambs and is blessed on the feast of St. Agnes at the church of St. Agnes fueri le mura; and it rests for a night on the tomb of St. Peter before it is sent to a new archbishop.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Cassock?"

(Ital. casacca, "overcoat") The ankle-length robe worn by Catholic clerics. The standard cassock for priests is black, though priests serving in tropical countries often wear white garb. Cassocks worn by bishops are purple, while those of cardinals are red and the pontiff's is white.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Sacramentary?"

A liturgical book comprised of the prayers and directives for Mass, and various sacramental formulas; it does not include the Scripture readings for the Mass, which are collected in the lectionary. Sacramentaries were used in many countries up to the thirteenth century, but were gradually replaced by Missals -- particularly the Roman Missal, which included the sacramentary, the lectionary, and the (Roman) gradual. Prescribed by the Second Vatican Council, the current sacramentary renders the prayers for Mass in the vernacular.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Paten?"

(Lat. paterna, "a dish") A saucer-like dish which holds the bread to be consecrated at Mass; it is usually gilded or silver-plated and must be large enough to cover the chalice. Patens traditionally are blessed by a bishop or his delegate.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Icon?"

The name icon may be used for all images but is more properly applied to the flat paintings venerated instead of statues in the Eastern churches. The painting of icons reflects the influence of the post-Iconoclasm Byzantine painters. Icons play a more significant and intimate role in the Eastern churches than statues do in the West; and the icon of the saint of the day is usually put on display. They are prominent in processions; and icons of Jesus and Mary receive special reverence and veneration in the liturgy.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "First Saturdays?"

The devotional practice of honoring the Immaculate Heart of Mary by receiving the sacrament of reconciliation, and--on the first Saturday of five successive months--receiving Holy Communion, reciting five decades of the rosary, and meditating on these sacred mysteries for at least fifteen minutes. These devotions are based on claims that the Blessed Mother, in apparitions at Fatima, Portugal, in 1917, promised to intercede for the faithful at their final hour in order that they might receive the grace of final perseverance and experience reconciliation with Christ.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "First Fridays?"

A devotional practice honoring the Sacred Heart of Jesus in which members of the Church observe the first Friday of each month by receiving Holy Communion. According to promises which it is claimed Jesus made to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, those who follow this practice for nine consecutive months will be granted special graces such as final perseverance in faith and the consolation of Christ's love in their final hour.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Holy Grail?"

The legendary cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper. The quest for it has wrought many myths and legendary stories - a popular one being that Joseph of Arimathea brought the grail to England in A.D. 64; this story gave rise to numerous medieval romances, particularly those associated with the fabled King Arthur. Such legends, however, were never seriously considered by Church authorities.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Pontifical Mass?"

A Pontifical Mass is a solemn Eucharistic Liturgy celebrated by a bishop or abbot. The rite calls for participation by two deacons and a priest in addition to the other liturgical ministers. When the celebrant wishes to achieve the maximum solemnity, he presides at his throne; otherwise, he uses a faldstool. When a bishop celebrates a Pontifical Mass with his priests and people, this liturgy gives visible expression to the unity of the Church.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Postulant?"

A candidate for membership in a religious order in a preliminary period of testing prior to acceptance into the novitiate. The length of postulancy varies according to the order and the circumstances of the candidate, but normally lasts several months, during which the candidate lives at a religious house of the community in which he or she would be professed.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Rubrics?"

Rubrics (Latin for "red") are the directions and explanations for celebrants found in liturgical books. The name is derived from the fact that originally these directives were printed in red to distinguish them from the text. Rubrics can be found in the introduction to a liturgy, explaining its nature and purpose, and throughout the actual liturgical text, detailing actions to be performed or materials to be used. Some rubrics are preceptive and admit of no variation, while others are suggestive and leave the words, actions, or general mood to be set to the discretion of the celebrant.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Pastoral Administrator?"

A pastoral administrator, in the canonical sense, is a priest who has care of a parish in the absence of the pastor. The term is also used in a popular sense to refer to situations in which laypersons or non-ordained religious administer a parish, although canon law does not use the term "administrator" when a layperson has charge of a parish. This situation would only occur in rare cases when there is a severe dearth of priests. When a diocesan bishop does appoint a layperson as administrator of a parish, he or she works jointly with a priest who is expected to come periodically to celebrate the sacraments, although the administrator may be given the power to preach, to baptize, and to witness marriages.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Novice?"

A person undergoing a period of formation (novitiate) in order to prepare for membership in a religious community. The novitiate lasts between twelve and twenty-four months, during which the novice wears the dress and adopts the rule of the community, and submits himself or herself to the authority of the superior. A novice is expected to spend prescribed periods of time in the house of novitiate and perform works consistent with the apostolate of the community. Temporary vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience are made upon the completion of the novitiate. A novice may leave, or be dismissed (without incurring canonical penalty), at any time.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Renunciation?"

Renunciation is the verbal rejection of the devil by a Christian at baptism. The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus contains a formula of renunciation in which the one about to be baptized "renounces Satan, his service and his works." Later, in the Western Church, the renunciation developed into an interrogation between the celebrant of baptism and the catechmen. In Jerusalem, in the fourth century, the practice developed of facing west during the renunciation and facing east when professing the creed as a symbol of the newly baptized person's conversion.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Sacramentals?"

Sacramentals are sacred signs, such as the sign of the cross, medals, holy water, Stations of the Cross, etc., that put the believer in touch with God's grace in Christ. As such, they acknowledge the new creation and redemption achieved by Christ. They differ from sacraments in several ways. The number of sacramentals is not limited, the Church institutes them, and they attain their effect through the intercession of the Church. Laypersons can also administer some of the sacramentals, e.g., the distribution of ashes and parents' blessing of their children.

(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is "Probabilism?"

Probabilism is a moral system which addresses the question whether one is free from or bound to obey a law when there is serious doubt if the law exists or if it applies to one's situation, and when this doubt cannot be resolved through further study. Probabilism establishes a presumption in favor of freedom provided that there are serious reasons in favor of freedom from the law and that the application of the law to this situation is not certain.

William C. McFadden, S.J.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is "Contrition?"

Contrition - according to the Council of Trent as repeated in the Rite of Penance (1973) - is "heartfelt sorrow and aversion for the sin committed along with the intention of sinning no more" and is regarding as the most important act of the penitent.

Historically contrition was either perfect, based on the love of God, or imperfect, based on fear of punishment or some lesser motive. For centuries theologians inconclusively debated whether imperfect contrition sufficed to have serious sin forgiven in the sacrament of penance. The Rite of Penance opened a new approach and viewed a person's change of heart, metanoia, from a more positive scriptural viewpoint. It is a turning away from evil with remorse and contrition and turning to choose what conscience deems right. In his address on the new Rite of Penance on 3 April 1974, Pope Paul VI lucidly deals with the matter: "It is distinctive of contrition to add pure and more valid motives to the conscious regret of personal failure. These are the motives of seeing sin as an offense against God and as a sundering of ecclesial communion. . . ."

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Red Mass?"

A votive Mass of the Holy Spirit, so named from the red vstments worn during its celebration and from the red gowns traditionally worn by judges in the Middle Ages. Today such Masses are usually celebrated at the opening of councils, synods, ect. to invoke the Holy Spirit, source of wisdom, understanding, counsel, and fortitude. Catholic judges in England also assemble at Westminster Cathedral to celebrate the Red Mass. Since its inauguration in the United States on 6 October 1928 at old Saint Andrew's Church, many groups of Catholic attorneys continue to celebrate it annually.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is an "Imprimatur?"

Prior to 1975, the diocesan censor granted a license, known as the imprimatur, to books that did not contravene Catholic teaching on faith and morals. The revised norms for the granting of the imprimatur strictly mandate that it should only be granted to books in conformity to official Church teaching. But presently only the following require an imprimatur: official biblical and liturgical texts and their translations; catechisms and prayer books; scholastic textbooks dealing with doctrinal and moral matters; and literature sold or given away in churches.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Paschal Candle?"

Blessed on Holy Saturday and lit from the "new fire" at the beginning of the Paschal Vigil, it is a centuries-old symbol of our risen Savior. At the vigil, it is carried through the darkened church by a deacon, who solemnly stops three times before he reaches the altar - each time singing Lumen Christi ("Light of Christ"). It is then used by the celebrant when he blesses the baptismal water. During the paschal season, it remains in the sanctuary and is lit during liturgical services. It is also lit during baptisms, and is traditionally placed near the baptismal font. Candles were first used by Christians of the early Church to provide light during predawn services, and in the catacombs. Then as now, they symbolized the divine light of Christ's presence. Five grains of incense - representing Christ's wounds - are encased in the paschal candle.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is an "Intercommunion?"

A relationship between denominations which permits the members of one Church to receive Holy Communion in another. For non-Catholics to receive the Eucharist in a Catholic Eucharist certain conditions, described very generally by the Code of Canon Law (Can. 844) and applied with slight variations in particular regions and dioceses, must be present. Though Catholics are not ordinarily permitted to receive Communion in churches of other denominations, intercommunion between Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians is acceptable.

This term can also refer to an agreement between two Chriustian Churches in which each grants membership privileges to members of the other.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Manifestation of Conscience?"

A voluntary practice of revealing one's conscience primarily to get spiritual guidance. It is usually performed with a priest, but sometimes a nun or layperson is preferred. Canon law forbids a religious superior to demand a manifestation from a subject.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Roman Collar?"

An upright white linen neckband worn by the clergy, usually with a black clerical shirt or a rabat. A distinctively ecclesiastical garment, it is customarily worn outside the church or rectory.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Province?"

An ecclesiastical province is a group of dioceses headed by a metropolitan archbishop. Normally such dioceses border each other. In the U.S., most ecclesiastical provinces follow the geographic boundaries of the states and include all dioceses within a state.

A religious province is a territorial division of a religious order under the jurisdiction of a provincial superior.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Parish?"

(Gk. paroikia, "dwelling near") Traditionally, a community of the faithful in a designated territory within a diocese. Each parish has a pastor as its steward and is assigned its own church. Though territorial by custom, parishes may also be difined by rite, nationally, or language.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is meant by the term the "Vicar of Christ?"

A vicar is a person who acts in the place of and under the authority of another: a deputy. The term "Vicar of Christ" refers to the pope, who acts as Christ's representative on earth.

Theresa Sanders
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Sacristy?"

(Lat. sacristia, fr. sacrum, "holy," "sacred") A room adjoining a church or chapel wherein sacred utensils, vessels, and vestments are kept, and where the celebrant of a liturgy dons his priestly garb. The sacrarium (or piscina) also is nornally kept there.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is a "Diocese?"

A local church under the jurisdiction of a particular bishop, further divided into parishes.

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What are "Private Revelations?"

Private revelations are communications by God to an individual which are not part of divine ("public") revelation as contained in Scripture which ended with the death of the last apostle. By their nature private revelations add nothing new to the revelation already given by God to the Church. Traditionally ecclesiastical authorities have used extreme caution in treating claims of private revelations. Such revelations must be in agreement with the teaching of the Church to be considered authentic. They may call the person to do something extraordinary, but this "vocation" may not be seen as an eschatological fulfillment of the work or person of Christ. Private revelations may call an individual to preach or live the gospel in a special or unique way; however, this call and its content must be harmonious with the message of the gospel as taught by the Church.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is an "Altar Server?"

Also referred to as a Mass Server, this is a person who assists the priest at Mass and at other liturgical celebrations. Normally wearing a cassock or alb, the server contributes to the Eucharistic celebration by carrying the cross, candles, and incense during the opening and closing processions, bringing the bread and wine to the altar, and attending the priest or deacon at the proclamation of the Gospel.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What is the "Preface?"

(Lat. praefatio, "A saying beforehand") A prayer of praise and thanksgiving to God that follows the Liturgy of the Word at the Eucharist. It is recited by the celebrant -- in one of its many variations -- between the opening dialogue ("Lift up your hearts . . .") and the praise of the Sanctus ("Holy, holy, holy Lord . . .")

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What are "Movable Feasts?"

Yearly, ecclesiastical feasts, the observance dates of which are determined by the Church calendar or some other cycle not related to the secular calendar (e.g., Easter -- celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox; and Pentecost -- celebrated fifty days after Easter). They are also called "movable observances.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Holy Hours?"

An hour of continuous devotion to the Holy Eucharist, which is either exposed on the altar or reposed in the tabernacle, through prayer and meditation. Its inspiration is found in Jesus' bebuke to the apostles in Gethsemane: "Can you not watch one hour with me?" In a personal vision St. Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647 - 1690) was instructed by Christ to practice this special act of piety as part of the Sacred Heart Devotion. It has been supported by numerous popes throughout the ages. Public Holy Hours are designated and arranged by a priest or director, while private Holy Hours may be observed at any time. Traditionally, the latter have been made on Thursday or Friday evening.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Parish Council?"

A group of parishioners who assist the pastor in the administration of a parish. The formation of such groups was first suggested at Vatican II, in the context of increasing the involvement of the laity in pastoral affairs. They are consultative in nature - their decisions and recommendations not binding upon the pastor, but serving rather to inform him of the parish's needs.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Biblical Concordance?"

(Lat. concordans, "putting things in harmony") An index to the Bible which lists in alphabetical order the principal words used therein. It provides the context in which the term is used along with its exact location, and thereby enables the reader to find, and cross-reference, a particular text or reference. The English concordance compiled by Alexander Cruden (1701 - 1770) in 1737 is still considered the standard, and remains in popular use today. As there are many varying translations of the Bible, and each has its own concordance, an inherent limitation of any vernacular concordance is its reliance upon a single translation.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Postcommunion?"

A brief prayer recited by the priest at Mass after the administration of Holy Communion. It is essentially a request that the Eucharistic celebration bring forth the graces associated with the Blessed Sacrament. The congregation participates in the prayer by responding "Amen."

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is The "Pieta?"

(Italian, "pity") In painting or sculpture, the word refers to an image of the Virgin, seated, receiving the dead Christ on her lap. The most famous is that of Michelangelo at St. Peter's, Rome.

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Does "Kyrie Eleison" Mean?

(Gk., "Lord, have mercy") An invocation that, together with Christe Eleison ("Christ, have mercy"), makes up a prayer formula that is now sung or recited as part of the Penitential Rite at the beginning of the Eucharistic celebration, often in the vernacular. It is the only remaining Greek prayer in the Latin Mass, into which it was incorporated in the sixth century.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Are "Religious Medals?"

Flat, coin-shaped disks bearing the image of Christ, the Blessed Mother, a saint, a shrine, or a sacred mystery. They are made of metal, wood, or plastic and are usually worn around the neck. Medals are customarily blessed by the Church and are intended to increase the piety and devotion of the wearer or carrier. The discovery of many medals in the catacombs attest to their ancient usage in the Church.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Marian Year?"

A year honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary and marked by special events, prayers, penance and papal indulgencies. Pius XII proclaimed 1954 a Marian year to observe the centennial of the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, while John Paul II made the fourteen months ending on the feast of the Assumption 1988 a Marian year, in part as a preparation for the third millennium of Christianity. Marian years are a modern phenomenon patterned after the traditional Holy Year.

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Magnanimity?"

(Lat. magnus, "great" + animus, "spirit" or "mind") A virtue prompting a person to act charitably and honorably toward others, it is associated with generosity, kindness, and moral fortitude. A gift of grace, it arises from an individual's consciousness of the ultimate sanctity and worth of every person and consequently is immune to worldly judgment and criticism.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Vow?"

A vow is a conscious, free promise made to God, which has its object a moral good that is both possible and better than its omission. Those entering religious life take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

A public vow is accepted in the name of the Church by a legitimate superior. The 1917 Code of Canon Law distinguished between solemn vows, taken by members of religious orders, and simple perpetual vows, taken by members of congregations. The revised Code refers to solemn vows but does not discuss their distinction from simple vows (cc. 1191-1198). Instead, the Code classifies vows as perpetual or temporary.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Monstrance?"

(Lat. monstrare, "to show") The sacred vessel used for exposing the Blessed Sacrament for veneration, as during solemn Benediction or other ceremonies of Eucharistic devotion. It has a wide base, a stem with a knob, and a glass enclosure through which the Host (in its lunette) may be viewed. The enclosure is usually framed with ornamental rays of silver or gold.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Consecration?"

The setting apart of a person or thing by ecclesiastical act, for a religious state or office, or for a particular use. When the word is used without qualification it generally means the consecration at Mass, whereby the bread and wine are changed into the Body and Blood of Christ.

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Focolare Movement?"

It was founded in Trent by Chiara Lubich in 1943 and is approved as an association of the faithful. Vows are taken by a select group of 4,000 key members who opt to live in small communities, of which there are eighteen in North America. It has about 1,300,000 members, mostly in Europe, who pledge to be witnesses to Christ in their daily lives. It issues publications for adults and special magazines for its youth section. Each summer it holds five one-week conventions in various regions to reinvigorate its members' commitment to a life of prayer and an active participation in the pursuit of peace around the world.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By The "Purgative Way?"

The first stage in the spiritual life is called the stage of beginners or the purgative way. It is a time when one actively prepares oneself for a deeper relationship with God by purifying oneself of anything that can block growth in that relationship. Prayer in this period moves from vocal prayer to occasional meditation to habitual meditation. At the same time the believer purifies his or her life of sin through a commitment to virtue. As prayer simplifies and virtue increases, an individual readies himself or herself to receive the gift of God's self-revelation and love in contemplative prayer.

Leonard Doohan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Was The "Lateran Treaty?"

This treaty established Vatican City as a sovereign state, without any qualification, on 11 February 1929. It was a final settlement of the Roman question. The Holy See gave recognition to the Italian state with Rome as its capital, and the state recognized "the Catholic and Apostolic Religion as the sole religion of the State." A concordat, attached to the treaty, stipulated that the state would recognize marriages performed in accordance with canon law; would provide religious instruction in the schools and would grant freedom to Catholic action, provided it avoided political activities. It also decreed that the bishops would take an oath of allegiance to the king of Italy before taking possession of their diocese.

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is Catholic "Faith Healing?"

Faith healing is the practice of curing illness or relieving suffering. It can occur in two ways: (1) invoking divine assistance and (2) asserting the mind's or spirit's control over the body. This second way is often associated in the United States with Phineas P. Quimby and his healings in New England during the mid-nineteen-hundreds. He influenced Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Science.

The Catholic tradition of faith healing follows the first way, i.e., seeking God's help, yet without precluding the use of modern medical science. It is grounded in the Scriptures, especially in the New Testament accounts of Jesus' healing ministry (see Luke 7:21). Such accounts often emphasize Jesus' compassion whereby he sees illness as a destructive and debilitating force. It is significant that Jesus commissioned his disciples to continue his healing ministry (see Matt 10:5-10; Mark 6:7-13; Luke 9:1-6).

Part of the sacramental renewal stemming from Vatican II was the restoration of the anointing of the sick. The new rite understands the purpose of this sacrament as a sign and prayer for the return to phyical health. The believer is thus not the sum of his or her parts but a total person who celebrates healing as a gift from the Giver of life.

John F. Craghan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Novena?"

(Lat. novem "nine" and noveni "nine at a time") A period of public or private prayer lasting nine days - either consecutively or once weekly for nine weeks - to mark an important occasion, obtain a particular grace, or offer up a special intention. The prayers are often devotions to a saint or a particular virtue of Christ, such as mercy. Novenas originated in the seventeenth century; many have been supported and indulgenced by the Holy See - notably that observed before Pentecost. The nine-day period is symbolic of the nine days between Christ's ascension and Pentecost when Mary and the apostles waited for the coming of the Holy Spirit.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is Meant By A "Local Ordinary?"

An ecclesiastic who possesses the established jurisdiction of a particular office; this authority pertains to his rights of teaching, governing, adjudicating, and administering the sacraments. The title applies to the pope and all diocesan bishops; vicars, abbots, and other major superiors of religious communities of men; prelates or prefects with regional jurisdiction and their respective deputies; and, when a see is vacant, the vicar capitular or administrator.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Provincial?"

Major religious superior of a regional division or province within a religious institute. He or she is responsible to the superior general of the institute and has authority over the houses in the region. The provincial is normally elected by the provincial chapter, subject to approval by the superior general, and serves a term for a specified number of years, never for life. The provincial's chief function is to oversee the administration of the province and supervise the religious life of the houses.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Exorcism?"

Part of the ministry of Jesus in establishing the kingdom of his Father was casting out demons and unclean spirits. This mission continues in the Church today. There is a series of exorcisms in the ritual for introducing catechumens into the Church. In the first stage of the initiation the celebrant breathes lightly on the candidate and prays: "Breathe your spirit, Lord, and drive out the spirits of evil: command them to depart, for your kingdom is drawing near." In the rite of baptism there is a prayer of exorcism just before pouring of the water.

These ritual exorcisms are related to but must be distinguished from the phenomenon of diabolical possession. In the New Testament Jesus, the disciples, and Paul deal with an extraordinary manifestation of the power of evil, diabolical possession, in which a person's bodily movements and speech are under the control of the power of a demon.

In the history of the Church there have been instances of a similar nature. The Church tries to avoid attributing every unusual disorder to diabolical possession, but does not rule out the possibility that such cases do exist. In the 1983 Code of Canon Law there is provision for the carrying out of the special ritual of exorcism in the case of diabolical possession. The special and express permission of the local ordinary is required and is to be given only to "a presbyter endowed with piety, knowledge, prudence and integrity of life" (Can. 1172).

William C. McFadden, S.J.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Prelate?"

(Lat. praelatus, "one set before") A cleric with ecclesiastical jurisdiction by reason of his rank or office. The former includes all bishops, cardinals, and the pope. Prefects, vicars apostolic, abbots nullius, prelates nullius, and apostolic administrators also are prelates by virtue of their office but cease to be so if they are not bishops when they give up their respective office. The higher officials of the Roman Curia are regarded as prelates, as are those with jurisdiction over religious institutes or societies of apostolic life (e.g., abbots and provincial superiors). Honorary prelates, or monsignori, are granted the title by the pope as a means of recognizing their service to the Church.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Hermit?"

One who lives a solitary life for the sake of a more intense communion with God.

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is Meant By The Term "The Enlightenment?"

The term is generally applied to the ideas and ideals which characterized much of the intellectual life of the eighteenth century in Europe. It introduced religious toleration but downgraded religious belief, tradition, and authority in the intellectual pursuits, and emphasized reason as the path to truth and human well-being. Generally, the proponents of the Enlightenment sought to promote the moral and material welfare of society, but it was not a coherent movement and promoted a wide spectrum of secular aims, some of which were disdainful of Christian beliefs and practice. Many saw it as particularly anti-Catholic. However, the Enlightenment had significant achievements and had a formative influence on the Declaration of Independence and on the Constitution of the United States.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Tabernacle?"

(Lat. tabernaculum, "a tent") The receptacle in which Hosts for Holy Communion are reserved in churches and chapels. They are usually constructed of wood, stone, or metal, and are round or rectangular in shape. A tabernacle normally contains a ciborium for consecrated Hosts, a lunette (or luna) - which holds a large consecrated Host for use in exposition and Benediction - and a corporal. It is located in the middle of the sanctuary or in a side chapel, and a sanctuary lamp is kept nearby to call attention to the presence of the Blessed Sacrament.

The tabernacle derives from the portable shrine built by the Israelites (under the direction of Moses) to house the Ark of the Covenant (Exod 25-31; 35-40), which they considered the manifestation of God's presence during their years in the desert. The Jewish people continue to honor God's faithfulness to them during this period by celebrating the eight-day feast of Tabernacles each year.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Are "Episcopal Conferences?"

These are associations of all the bishops of one nation or, in some cases approved by the Holy See, of all the bishops of several geographically adjacent nations. Though these conferences have ancient precedents in the local and regional synods held in the early centuries before centralization of Church administration and authority, their present canonical status in the Catholic Church is unclear. The clearest definition of their role, composition and functions is in chapter III of the Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church, Christus Dominus, issued by the Second Vatican Council in October 1965. Even these, however, are very general, requiring the setting up of such conferences with central administrative offices, regular meetings, and common concerns with the pastoral situation of the region, and the power to make binding regulations for the whole region in certain liturgical and disciplinary matters.

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Mediator?"

Mediator (Lat. "one who goes between") denotes a person who intervenes between two others in order to effect a reconciliation. In the Old Testament, Moses, Abraham, and others act as mediators between human beings and God in order to end an impasse or rupture in the relationship between them. Jesus Christ is the mediator par excellence between fallen humanity and God the Father. His life, death, and resurrection bridged the gap between God and humanity caused by the sin of Adam. This is a central belief of the Christian faith which is attested to by both Sacred Scripture and the lived tradition of the Church.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Responsory?"

A liturgical chant, consisting of a full or partial psalm, which is sung or recited between readings at Mass (e.g., the Responsorial Psalm) and in the Liturgy of the Hours.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Prayer of the Faithful?"

Also referred to as General Intercessions, these are the intercessory prayers offered during Mass in which the celebrant and congregation pray for a series of intentions, normally grouped in the following sequence: the needs of the universal Church and of civil authorities; the salvation of the world; the healing of the sick, liberation of the oppressed, and salvation of the deceased; and the needs of the local community. This litany of intentions is recited by a deacon or lay minister, and the congregation responds to each with a solemn invocation such as "Lord, hear our prayer."

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Blasphemy?"

Frivolous or contemptuous thought or expression about God or the sacred, considered seriously sinful because it falsifies the relationship of creatures to the creator and devalues what is most precious and basic in human life - the relationship with God.

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Chrism?"

A mixture of oil and balsam (or balm) which is blessed by a bishop and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation and holy orders, and in the consecration of churches, altars, chalices, and patens. It is blessed by the bishop in the Chrism Mass, held during Holy Week (usually on Holy Thursday). Over the centuries, it was the Church's custom to use olive oil for chrism; in recent times, however, it has become acceptable to use vegetable, seed, or coconut oil.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Secular Institute?"

The canonical definition is: "a secular institute is an institute of consecrated life in which the Christian faithful living in the world strive for perfection of charity and work for the sanctification of the world especially from within" (c. 710 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law).

The members remain laypersons or diocesan priests (c. 711); they are not considered religious in the technical sense. Nevertheless, they commit themselves in some binding way to the evangelical counsels (c. 712), and do not withdraw from the world of ordinary affairs but are very much engaged in it (c. 713). They are committed to celibacy though they often live in their own homes

Secular institutes arose to meet situations in which the restrictions on vowed religious would interfere with the work or life to which a band of devout people have dedicated themselves. The secular institutes are a modern phenomenon but do correspond to the virgins living in their own homes in the early Church .

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is "Attrition?"

Sorrow for sin arising from fear of punishment or from a revulsion from the ugly aspects of sins. It is less perfect than contrition which proceeds from the love of God. Luther denied its value, but Thomas Aquinas, and most theologians say that attrition is sufficient for the forgiveness of sin in the Sacrament of Reconciliation .

Joan Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Are "Brothers?"

With the parallel term "sisters," "brothers" originally referred to any member of the Church and thus was also used by members of lay religious communities to refer to each other. In the centuries during which such communities were large and numerous, "brothers" and "sisters" become used almost exclusively of their members. Now this usage is generally further restricted to members of religious societies, whether clerical or lay, who are not in or seeking holy orders. On the other hand, there is a renewed insistence on the fact that all members of clerical orders (and not just the unordained among them) are brothers .

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Religious Habit?"

The common, non-liturgical attire of members of religious orders - normally comprised of a tunic, belt or girdle, scapular, hood for men and veil for women, and a mantle. Traditionally worn by monks, friars, and nuns, habits vary in type among orders (some orders no longer require them, while others have modified theirs), and are either white, black, or brown in color .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is A "Vicar?"

(Lat. vicarius, "a substitute") A cleric who substitutes for another in the exercise of an ecclesiastical office. The vicar may act in the name of (and with the authority of) the incumbent cleric, as stipulated by canon law. A vicar general acts in the name of the bishop throughout the latter's diocese; an episcopal vicar may do the same but only in a particular section of a diocese .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is Meant By "Right Of Sanctuary?"

Based on the idea that a sacred place was not of this world, and therefore not subject to the powers of this world, church sanctuaries or precincts came to be places of refuge from enemies or even from secular justice. The concept has been revived in modern times for the benefit of refugees who have crossed an international boundary illegally .

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Are "Liturgical Colors?"

The sequence of colors used for vestments and liturgical objects during different seasons of the ecclesiastical year. For the Roman Catholic Church, the sequence is as follows: white for feasts of Our Lord -- excepting those of his passion -- and of the Blessed Mother, for the Christmas and Easter seasons, and for feasts of saints other than the martyrs; red for Palm Sunday, for Good Friday, and for feasts of the apostles and evangelists -- excepting John -- and the martyrs; purple for Advent and Lent -- excepting Gaudete Sunday (the Third Sunday of Advent) and Laetare Sunday (the Fourth Sunday in Lent), when rose vestments may be worn; green for Ordinary Time; and black for funeral Masses (for which purple and white are also allowed).

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is The "Holy See?"

Technically, it is the see of the pope, Bishop of Rome. However, the term usually refers to the authority, jurisdiction, and functions of government exercised by the pope, with the assistance of the Roman Curia, in administering the affairs of the Church around the world. The Curia's functions are delineated by canons 330-367 and in Pastor Bonus, the apostolic constitution (28 June 1988) of John Paul II. It consists of various congregations, tribunals, councils, and administrative bodies including the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship, and the Secretariat of State.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia. )

What Is The "College of Cardinals?"

The College of Cardinals is made up of the cardinals of the Church, who advise the Pope, assist in the central administration of the Church, head the various curial offices and congregations, administer the Holy See during a vacancy, and elect a new Pope.

(Source: U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops web site - Search: Glossary of Church Terms.)

What Is The "Prayer Over The Gifts?"

The prayer recited by the priest at Mass following the offering of the bread and wine. It asks that the sacrifice of the Mass be acceptable and pleasing to the Lord in order that divine favor might rest upon the Church. Some versions also invoke the transubstantiation of the bread and wine.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Holy Days?"

The feast days of the Church which are observed by attendance at Mass and, if possible, rest from servile work (i.e., needless work or chores which would hinder the intended physical and spiritual rejuvenation). In the United States, there are currently six holy days: Solemnity of Mary, 1 January; Ascension of Christ, forty days after Easter; Assumption of the Blessed Mother, 15 August; All Saints' Day, 1 November; Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Mother, 8 December; and Christmas, 25 December. Special Masses are to be offered in each parish on these days.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Profession of Faith?"

A profession of faith is an outward expression of the Christian faith. In the Eucharistic Liturgy, the profession of faith is the "symbol" of faith (creed) which verbally expresses the basic tenets of the Christian faith. The Church has officially used three professions of faith: the Athanasian Creed, the Apostles' Creed, and the Nicene Creed. Each has a particular emphasis and was composed as a response to different theological questions or disputes. The Nicene Creed, a compilation of creeds from the church of Caesarea, the Council of Nicaea (325), and the Council of Constantinople (381), is used in the Latin Church at Mass on all Sundays and solemnities and is considered to be an integral part of the liturgy.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Sacristan?"

The person appointed for the care of the church sacristy and its contents (e.g., sacred vessels and vestments). The term also refers to the custodian of the church building.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Immovable Feasts?"

The earliest immovable feasts were probably commemorations of the martyrs observed in Asia Minor from the second century and in Rome from the third. Later other saints were honored, mostly on the dates of their deaths. By the fourth century Christmas and Epiphany were widely observed on a fixed date, and later other feasts of the Lord and of Mary were added. Some examples of current immovable feasts celebrated on a specific day of a particular month, are: the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God on 2 February, the Solemnity of St. Joseph on 19 March, the Annunciation on 25 March.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Epiclesis?"

(Gk. "invocation") A prayer recited by the celebrant at Mass before or after the words of institution which asks the Holy Spirit to descend upon, and dwell within, the bread and wine of the Eucharist and in the congregation.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Corporal?"

(Lat., corpus, "body") The piece of white linen cloth, measuring about twenty inches square, on which the bread and wine are placed and consecrated during Mass. Church custom dictates that the corporal be placed in the tabernacle beneath any vessel holding the Eucharist and, during Benediction or Eucharistic adoration, beneath the monstrance.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Pastor?"

(Lat., "shepherd") A priest who is entrusted with the pastoral care of the parish community. His chief responsibilities are: ensuring that the Gospel is proclaimed in his parish through preaching; affirming the primacy of the Eucharist in the life of the community; and meeting the community's sacramental needs. The pastor also exercises authority over the administration of parish finances, and represents the parish in legal matters. Pastors are appointed by the bishop .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Private Revelations?"

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Seminarian?"

A person who attends a theological college, or seminary, as a candidate for the priesthood. Seminarians are given a liturgical foundation for their spiritual lives, an understanding of Church history and theology, and an opportunity to contemplate and celebrate the sacred mysteries of the Church.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Friar?"

A member of one of the mendicant orders founded during the Middle Ages, the prominent being the Franciscans ("Grey Friars"), the Dominicans, ("Black Friars"), the Carmelites ("White Friars") and the Augustinians ("Austin Friars"). Other orders include the Trinitarians, Mercedarians, the Brothers of Saint John of God, and the Order of Penance.

"Friar" is a modern spelling for the Middle English "fryer," meaning "brother" and deriving from the Latin, frater. The term developed to distinguish the itinerant apostolic character of the new orders from the monastic orders in existence during the Middle Ages. Friars practice most religious observances associated with monasticism but do not restrict their allegiance to one monastery as monks do.

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

W hat Is A "Minister?"

(Lat., "servant") The term is used of those who serve in liturgical and pastoral engagements of the Church. These include the clergy and lay people such as lectors, cantors, and acolytes at the liturgy, and those who serve the needs of the community, such as youth ministers. Though the Second Vatican Council permitted substantially greater flexibility in the designation of lay persons as ministers, the title assumes an appropriate degree of liturgical or pastoral training.

Among certain religious orders, the title is given to a cleric in a position of authority. The head of the Franciscan Order, for example, is the minister general, while the assistant to the rector (or second in charge) of a Jesuit community is the minister.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Apostolic Blessing?"

A benediction conferred by the pope at the end either of a liturgical celebration or a papal audience. Traditionally, it carries a plenary, or full, indulgence for those who receive it -- either directly or over the radio or television. Bishops may, by vicarious authority, bestow the blessing; similarly, a priest may grant it at his first celebrated Mass, and when he ministers to someone at or near the moment of death.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Principle of Proportionality?"

The principle of proportionality has to do with the relationship between actions and their consequences. It is an element in the just war theory, although as a moral principle it is not limited to that concern. It states that there must be a proportion between the evil produced by the war and the evil hoped to be avoided or the good hoped to be attained. In the context of self-defense it means that the evil brought about by the means of self-defense should not be greater than the evil brought about by the aggression. With regard to the use of nuclear and/or other weapons, even in a just war the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response (1983) invokes the principle of proportionality. Accordingly the advantages achieved by the use of these means must not be disproportionate to the harms reasonably anticipated to follow from their use.

John F. Craghan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The Story Regarding "Our Lady of Guadalupe?"

On 9 December 1531 a Mexican peasant, Juan Diego, on his way by Tepeyac, a hill outside the city of Mexico, saw a beautiful lady who told him that she was the Virgin Mary, Mother of God. She told him to bear a message to the bishop of the diocese, requesting to have a church built in her honor. The bishop, Msgr. Zumarraga, a Franciscan, was perplexed, even after a second vision in which the request was repeated. He asked the visionary to seek a sign which would convince him. The sign which Our Lady gave Juan Diego when he next saw her was flowers, including Castilian roses blooming on stony ground in mid-winter. Juan Diego wrapped them in his cloak made of woven cactus grass. The day was 12 December. He went to the bishop's home and opened his cloak and the flowers fell to the ground. The bishop and those with him then saw on the cloak the image of a young girl, surround by rays of light. This is Our Lady of Guadalupe, venerated for centuries, center of unparalleled interest, curiosity and piety.

The image has been publicly exposed, as have few similar religious objects, in churches first built in modest proportions, eventually in a basilica, and later in a large modern church.

The effects of the Guadalupe event have been vast and varied. It began the conversion of the Mexican Aztecs. Within two generations eight million were converted to Christianity.

Scientific experts from MIT have brought optometry to bear on the image, disclosing in the eyes reflections of those present when it was first seen. The fabric also survived a terrorist bomb blast from a few feet away, which shattered every window in the basilica. Also, it should have disintegrated into dust, as all woven grass does, many years ago.

Michael O'Carroll, C.S.Sp.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Chasuble?"

(Lat. casula, "little house," from its mantle-like shape) The outermost garment worn by bishops and priests during the celebration of the Mass. Modeled after the outer cloak worn by Greeks and Roman in the later years of the Roman Empire, it is sleeveless and made of silk, velvet, or some other cloth appropriate for an ecclesiastical vestment. It represents the yoke of Christ, and is a symbol of the all-encompassing nature of Christian charity.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Was The "Oxford Movement?"

An effort initiated at Oxford University in the 1830s which sought to restore traditional Catholic principles to the Church of England (or the Anglican Church). Its proponents -- included John Keble, John Henry Newman, R. H. Froude, Edward Pusey, and William Ward -- were concerned that liberal theology was undermining the Church of Enland's fundamental doctrines (namely its divinity, the apostolic succession, and the Book of Common Prayer as a rule of faith) and that Church life itself was becoming stagnant. Tracts for the Times, a series of essays written by the movement's leaders, specified its teachings and objections; a number of these were censured or condemned by the established Church. Many of the movement's strongest adherents -- Newman and Ward among them -- converted to the Catholic Church, greatly compromising the movement's vitality. Despite its seeming lack of success, the Oxford Movement is credited with transforming, and restoring the religious life to, the Church of England; renewing interest throughout the country in Catholic doctrine and practice; and inspiring the incorporation of traditional Catholic elements into the Anglican liturgy.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By "Mission?"

In its general sense mission refers to the sending of someone to do something on behalf of another. In Catholic usage the word has three particular applications. In the first place the term is used for the redemptive task of Jesus and of the Church in the world. In the second place it refers to the official designation of individuals or congregations to carry the Good News and saving presence of Christ in his Church beyond the boundaries of present membership. In this case. In this case the term is often, but not always, used territorially, as in the term "the foreign missions." A third use applies the word "mission" to an intensified period of preaching and pastoral activity among those already Church members, as in "parish mission." This usually involves a team of preachers coming from outside for a week or so, holding devotional services with long sermons and instructions, making themselves available for the sacrament of penance if ordained, and possibly visiting homes of parishioners. Parish missions of this post-Tridentine type are less frequent since Vatican II when lay participation in parish life, worship and ministry has been far more active, and adult education, RCIA, bible studies, and prayer groups are going on continuously.

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Reliquary?"

A repository for sacred relics. They are commonly made of precious metals, with rich ornamentation; their size and shape vary according to the enclosed relic. Relics exposed for public veneration must be enclosed in a reliquary. Most modern reliquaries are fairly small and closely resemble a monstrance.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

Where Is "Mount Carmel?"

A mountain in northern Palestine near the present-day Mediterranean port city of Haifa. It was the place where Elijah rebuked the prophets of Baal (1 Kgs 18), and demonstrated to the people of Israel the supremacy of Yahweh. Around the year A.D. 500 a church and a monastery were built there, and this is now considered the founding site of the Carmelite Order.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Marriage Encounter?"

Marriage Encounter is a worldwide movement which aims at the spiritual renewal of married couples and through them of families, parishes, and society. It was founded by a Spanish priest, Gabriel Calvo, in the early 1960's and came to the United States a few years later. The popularity of the movement arises from the success of a weekend of exercises directed by a team composed of a married couple and a priest who have "made the weekend" themselves and who wish to share the experience with others. The presentations made by the team members do not take the form of lectures or exhortations but are an open sharing of their experience as people seeking, often struggling, to grow in intimacy with each other and with God. This style of presentation is intended to encourage each of the participating couples to reflect honestly and without fear on their present lives, first individually and then through dialogue on the life they share as a couple. The movement from I to We, from personal prayer to prayer as a couple, is further expanded as the couple is directed to consider their marriage in the context of God's plan through prayerful reflection on a series of texts drawn from the Bible. The weekend experience is designed to initiate a continued dialogue between the spouses and to continue to promote their spiritual growth through regular meetings with other couples .

William C. McFadden, SJ
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Memorare?"

The Memorare is a late medieval prayer of uncertain authorship asking the intercession of Mary. It is known first from manuscripts of the late fifteenth century.

This is the popular translation: Remember, O most gracious Virgin Mary, that never was it known that anyone who fled to your protection, implored your help or sought your intercession, was left unaided. Inspired with this confidence, I fly to you, O Virgin of virgins, my Mother; to you do I come, before you I stand, sinful and sorrowful. O Mother of the Word Incarnate, despise not my petitions, but in your mercy hear and answer me. Amen .

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Paganism?"

Paganism is a term derived from the Latin paganus which originally had no religious meaning but simply meant one who dwelt out in the countryside, not in the city. As Christianity in the early centuries tended to spread from city to city around the Mediterranean, those who lived in the countryside were more likely to be untouched by the new faith and to retain their allegiance to Greek, Roman, Egyptian, or local gods. The term never included members of the other monotheistic traditions, such as Jews and Muslims.

The term paganism is seldom used today, except when dealing with the historical past. When still used in the history of religions or in missiology, the term now applies to those who do not follow any of the great world religions .

Monika K. Hellwig
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Was The "Holy Roman Empire?"

A major political configuration of kingdoms, duchies, principalities, and free cities in Europe from the ninth to the nineteenth centuries. It was established in A.D. 800 - with the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III - for the purpose of unifying the former western domain of the ancient Roman Empire, on which it was modeled. Spanning much of central and western Europe, it included the kingdoms of France, Germany, and Italy. The title of emperor lapsed in 924 but was restored by Pope John XII in 962, when he crowned Otto I of Germany Emperor. Otto I's successors were of the Saxon, Salian, and Hohenstaufen dynasties. From the thirteenth century until 1806, when the empire was abolished by Napoleon I, the office of emperor was held by the Hapsburgs of Austria, with one exception. The eighteenth-century French author Voltaire once remarked that it was "neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire." Indeed, its rulers were often in conflict with the Church, it was Teutonic rather than Roman, and it was an empire only in theory .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Merit?"

Merit is the goodness of a human act that entitles the agent to a recompense or reward. There are numerous scriptural references to God in both the OT and NT where people are rewarded for performing good things for God. Tertullian introduced the term "merit" into theology, and it was developed by other Fathers such as Cyprian. Augustine believed that strictly speaking the human person cannot demand or claim anything from God out of justice for one's good deeds. The human person can only merit what God has already freely given to humanity. The Protestant Reformers rejected the Catholic teaching on merit, or, at least, what they conceived to be the Catholic teaching on the subject at that time. The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) responded to their objections by admitting that a person cannot work for or merit justification and the salvation it gives. Nevertheless, Trent also affirmed that a person can cooperate with God's grace by doing good deeds, and thus share in God's just reward s.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Forty Hours Devotion?"

A devotion in which the Sacred Host is exposed for the adoration of the faithful during part or all of forty hours, often with the participation of the clergy of nearby parishes. The present practice dates to the seventeenth centur y.

David Bryan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Pax Christi?"

(Lat., "peace of Christ") An international Catholic organization dedicated to promoting peace among nations through constructive dialogue on social, scientific, and theological issues. Created in 1945 for the purpose of reconciling the French and German peoples (principally through prayer), it soon expanded its mission to include the peaceful resolution of all international conflicts. Its monthly publication, Pax Christi, serves as a forum for dialogue on issues of peace and war - through it does not advance particular positions .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Vigil?"

(Lat. vigil, "alert") The day or evening preceding a particular feast, on which prayer services - comprised of readings, psalms, and silent prayers - are observed as a preparation for the feast. The most prominent vigil throughout the history of the Church has been that for Easter; the Church also continues to observe solemn vigils for Christmas and Pentecost .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Miter?"

(Gk. mitra, "turban") The liturgical headdress worn by bishops, abbots, cardinals, and the pope. It is shield-shaped, usually of silk or linen, and often ornamented with gold embroidery; two fringed lappets hang down from the back. There are three types of miters - the precious, the golden, and the simple - each worn according to the liturgical season or occasion. The simple miter is always white, and is worn when the prelate presides or assists at a funeral, during Lent, and on Good Friday. The miter is believed to be derived from the headdress of the high priest of the Temple in Jerusalem and the civil head garment worn by high-ranking officials of the Roman Empire .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Theism?"

Belief in a personal God who is active in the world. It differs from atheism that does not believe in God and from deism that believes in a God who is not active in the world. Sometimes theism focuses on natural theology and is seen as a philosophical foundation for theology based on revelation. In the seventeenth century, theism sought to identify a view of God that was common to all world religions .

Leonard Doohan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Tiara?"

The ceremonial headdress of the pope. It is approximately fifteen inches tall, bulbous in shape, and made of silver (or gold) cloth ornamented with precious stones. Three golden coronets -- symbolizing the pontiff's universal episcopate, his supremacy of jurisdiction, and his temporal influence -- encircle the crown, which is surmounted by a small cross. Before Vatican II, the tiara was worn at nonliturgical ceremonies (e.g., during the proclamation of a dogma or a canonization); after the council, Paul VI (1963-1978) stopped wearing it, and, though it is still permitted, no pontiff has worn it since .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Repentance?"

Repentance is the rejection of one's own sinfulness and a turning to God for forgiveness. Prophets in the Old Testament called the people to repent when they broke the covenant and sinned against God. In the New Testament Jesus called people to a complete change of heart and mind (Gk. metanoia) and to live a life in complete service of God. Repentant persons confess their past transgressions against God, express sorrow for them, and resolve to change their ways. The Christian tradition has also recognized the need for penance or reparation on the part of repentant persons "to make up" for their sins in the sense of associating themselves more intimately with the atonement achieved by Jesus through his death and resurrection .

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Faculties?"

The permission granted to a clergyman by his ecclesiastical supervisor which enables the former to carry out his respective duties toward those to whom he ministers. The term is commonly associated with the authority needed by a priest to administer the sacrament of reconciliation; preaching and witnessing marriages also require faculties .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Sacred Vessels?"

The various vessels used in liturgical celebrations. They include the chalice, paten, ciborium, pyx, capula and the lunette -- these are of special importance since they come into direct contact with the Blessed Sacrament. Other common liturgical vessels are cruets, lavabo dish, thurible, boat, and aspergillum .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is An "Oblate?"

(Lat. oblatus, "offered") A member of a religious community who has offered himself or herself to the monastic life or a similar form of religious ministry. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, the term referred to children pledged by their parents to a monastery, where they received their upbringing. In subsequent years, laity who lived in or near -- and offered themselves and their property to -- a monastery were known as oblates. In modern times, a number of orders have "oblate" in their title -- such as Oblates of Mary Immaculate .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is The "Illuminative Way?"

The illuminative way is the intermediary stage between the purgative and unitive ways -- all three being stages of a journey to union with God in prayer that brings knowledge permeated by love. Having left the stage of beginners, and not yet having arrived at the stage of the perfect, this is the stage of the proficients. During this stage God illumines the believer's mind with a knowledge-love of God and divine ways. The believer passes through a dark night, for the illumination is so bright that one cannot see (like looking into headlights of an oncoming car). During this stage a person learns to see God in a different way; finding that God is not as we thought God was and that God does not act as we thought God would act. An individual discovers that knowledge of God is not accumulated through personal efforts but is a gift received with open and empty hands. The illumination is always of knowledge permeated by love .

Leonard Doohan
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Martyrology?"

An official list of Christian martyrs and saints. The first martyrologies -- from the fourth century and earlier -- were calendars which named the martyr under the date of his or her feast day. Later martyrologies, notably that attributed to Usuard, included short biographies of the martyrs, the writings of Church Fathers, and writings on Church history. The Roman Martyrology, a revised version of Usuard's, is regarded as the official martyrology of the Church; it was issued in 1584 by Pope Gregory XIII .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Holy Water?"

Water which is blessed by a priest and used by the clergy as a sacramental for blessings, dedications, the Rite of Sprinkling at Sunday Mass, and for baptismal renewal (by dipping one's fingers in the holy water and making the sign of the cross) upon entering a church. Besides ordinary holy water, there are also baptismal holy water (used with chrism in the administration of baptism) and Easter water, which is blessed for use in the paschal season .

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Patrology?"

Formerly synonymous with patristics, which refers to the study of ancient Christian writers who were accepted as witnesses to church life and teaching. This period ended in the West with the death of Isidore of Seville in 636 and in the East with the death of John of Damascus in 749. Patristics studies the thought of these "Church Fathers," particularly regarding doctrinal issues

Currently, "patrology" refers more commonly to a systematically laid out manual on patristic literature .

Patricia DeFerrari
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Convent?"

(Lat. conventus, "a gathering") The building or buildings in which a community of religious live. Though the term historically has referred to the residence of a community of religious of either sex, it is now generally accepted to mean a house of women religious. The term may also be used of the community itself.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Scribes?"

Scribes were originally those who wrote legal documents -- a task that demanded literacy and knowledge of the laws. Since in ancient Israel the Torah was the law either in fact or theory (depending on the period), the scribes were also the keepers and interpreters of the Jewish religious tradition. By 200 B.C. the scribes in Israel seem to have constituted a guild of religious intellectuals (see Sirach), though not bound to a particular political program or religious stance. In the New Testament they appear frequently with other groups: elders, high priests, Pharisees, etc. The references to the "scribes of the Pharisees" (Mark 2:16; Acts 23:9) suggest that scribes could belong to other Jewish parties also. The scribes are generally portrayed as siding with the opponents of Jesus and of the early Christians, and are paired with the Pharisees as the objects of Jesus' vigorous denunciation of hypocrisy in Matthew 23. The scribes emphasis on the knowledge of the Jewish Law (Torah) and on study contributed to the revival of Judaism after A.D. 70 under the rabbis.

Daniel J. Harrington, S.J.
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "Infused Virtues?"

Infused virtues are those "powers" of the soul, namely, faith, hope and charity, which are directly imparted to ("poured into") the soul of a person by God. They are not acquired by repetition or habit as are other virtues, such as prudence or justice. The infused virtues (also known as the theological or supernatural virtues) redirect the person's freedom and powers fully toward God by the presence of supernatural grace. They give the person the possibility of sharing in the divine life, but the recipient must cooperate with the grace given by these virtues. To realize the full effect of the infused virtues, the recipient must develop and perfect the other virtues and seek to live a life free from sin.

Anthony D. Andreassi
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By "Ecstasy?"

Generally applied to a mystical experience marked by a distinct consciousness of the Divine Presence. The body, overwhelmed by the divine action in the soul, becomes immobile; and sight, hearing, and the other senses cease to function. This differs greatly from a pathological ecstasy because in the mystical experience the person remembers everything that has taken place during the ecstasy, which is usually marked by intuitive knowledge of some religious truth.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "Docetism?"

A heresy that held that Jesus Christ was not really human, but only seemed to have a body so that his human life was illusory. This was a way of thinking that occurred repeatedly in a variety of groups in the early Church. Arguments refuting Docetism are found as early as the letters of Ignatius of Antioch.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Are "May Devotions?"

Special prayers and devotions seeking the intercession of the Blessed Mother during the month of May. The tradition of honoring Our Lady and invoking her mercy during May extends back to the sixteenth century. It was sanctioned and indulgenced by Pope Pius VII, and subsequent pontiffs -- such as Leo XIII and Pius XII -- issued prominent documents on the veneration of Mary which supported May devotions in the universal Church. The feast of the Visitation is celebrated on 31 May. The month is named after "Maia," a Roman goddess, and there is no historical relationship between it and the Blessed Mother.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is A "Tonsure?"

(Lat. tondere, "to shear") The centuries-old Church custom of shaving a lock or circle of hair from the top of the head. Originating in the fourth and fifth centuries as a monastic observance, it became (in the Middle Ages) an official rite signifying a layman's admission to the clerical state. The practice was suppressed officially in 1972 by Pope Paul VI.

Joseph Quinn
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is "The Didache?"

Also known as the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, this is a compilation by an unknown author, most probably dating from the mid-second century. Its text was rediscovered in 1883, and subsequently it was widely researched and evaluated. The document is divided into three sections: moral, disciplinary, and liturgical; and it was valued only after the Bible by some of the Fathers of the Church. Its liturgical teaching recommends baptism by immersion when possible, and its Eucharistic Prayers are theologically and historically valuable. The Didache is generally grouped with the Apostolic Fathers, the earliest non-biblical Christian texts extant.

Michael Glazier
(Source: The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia.)

What Is Meant By A "Mystical Union?"

The union of the soul with God in contemplation in order that the ascetic will come to know and love God in Christ as He knows and loves Himself, insofar as this is possible. There are specific grades of mystical union: the prayer of quiet, full union, ecstatic union and spiritual marriage.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is "Holy Week?"

The week preceding Easter, the most solemn week of the liturgical year. It begins with second Passion Sunday (Palm Sunday) and concludes with Holy Saturday. During the week Christians worship Christ as the King who went to His death voluntarily, with a royal freedom, because it was His Father's will. Catholics are urged to put themselves in a proper disposition for taking part devoutly and fruitfully in the Holy Week services by going to confession early in the week. A living, active participation by word, song and deed brings a greater spiritual profit to each worshiper.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is Meant By The "Ubiquity Of God?"

Often called the omnipresence of God; indicates that God is present in every thing and in every place. This is so, since God is simple and not limited by time and space. God is not present in all things as part of their essence (pantheism) but rather as the continuing cause of their existence.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Are "Temporary Vows?"

Those vows taken annually or for a number of years before taking perpetual vows. The period is considered one of trial and testing.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is Meant By "Cardinal Virtues?"

The four basic natural virtues: prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance; so named because all other virtues are regarded as "hinging" or centering upon them. Also known as the "moral" virtues in contradistinction to the supernatural "theological" virtues of faith, hope and charity.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is An "Encyclical Epistle?"

A written message from a pope which concerns less important subjects than those of an encyclical letter, or which concerns a particular event, such as a Holy Year.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is "Sanctifying Grace?"

A divinely produced quality or perfection of the human soul whereby it participates in, is drawn into, the nature and life of God and is made to resemble Him as He is; it elevates man's nature to the level of the divine, giving man both divine life and spiritual end. It is "God abiding in the soul" (Jn. 14:23). Sanctifying grace is lost through mortal sin and is increased by reception of the sacraments and the performance of good acts.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is Meant By A "Miracle Of Grace?"

A spiritual conversion. This is not a miracle in the literal sense but is due to the operation of God's grace in an unusual way which has the result of working a remarkable change in a soul. Such changes would be from ignorance to faith, from doubt to certainty, from attachment to sin to holiness.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is The Church Meaning Of "Intercommunion?"

1. An agreement between two religious bodies whereby each extends membership to the other members without consideration of dogma. Such an arrangement exists between the Anglicans in England and the Lutherans in Sweden.

2. The administration of a sacrament by the minister of one religious body to a member of another religious body even though the minister knows that the person is not of his communion. Vatican Council II ruled that under certain circumstances Catholics may receive certain sacraments from an Orthodox priest and members of an Orthodox religion may receive certain sacraments from Catholics. This is possible because the Church recognizes the legitimacy of Orthodox baptism and orders.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

What Is The Church Teaching Pertaining To The Subject Of "Witchcraft?"

A form of black magic practiced through the help of the Devil and evil spirits. It includes the casting of spells, sorcery, enchantment, etc. Great care must be taken before labeling anyone a witch because serious abuses have taken place in this regard both in the United States and in England. However witchcraft does exist in primitive cultures, examples in the Western hemisphere being voodoo in Haiti and macumbo in Brazil. Witchcraft is gravely sinful both for the practitioners and the users because of cooperation with evil spirits and because its basic purpose is the harm of ones neighbor.

(Source: The Maryknoll Catholic Dictionary.)

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